Culture of Kyrgyzstan

Written by Sandeep Nehra

Culture of Kyrgyzstan

The bases of the education system in Kyrgyzstan are day secondary schools and higher education establishments. In 2002 there were 2.1 thousand full-time schools, including 113 gymnasiums, 50 lyceums, which far exceeded the level of 1991. The number of higher education over the years has grown from 12 to 46. Along with the public open private and public-private schools and high schools, including 12 Kyrgyz-Turkish lyceums. On the basis of interstate funding are the Kyrgyz-Russian (Slavic), and Kyrgyz-Turkish University, Kyrgyz-American Faculty of the International University. In 2002, day schools enrolled 1,167 thousand., In universities – 199.1 thousand Most schools are computerized. Number of students per 10 thousand people (397) K. ahead of many developed countries. Over 75% of students in public universities enrolled on a fee basis. Improved efficiency and quality of education contributes to the program “Images of 21 century”.

There is an acute problem of preservation of scientific and technical capacity to adapt to the market . The number of specialists, leading R & D in 2001 amounted to 2.3 thousand people., Ie 33,8% level of 1991. More than 2 / 3 of them – aged 40 years and older. In the total expenditure on R & D share of Basic Research for 1991-2001 decreased from 28 to 20%. These studies are conducted mainly in the Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyzstan , which includes approx. 20 scientific institutions. ANC participates in the International Association of Academies of Sciences of the CIS countries.

Surviving in the territory of Kyrgyzstan antiquities – rock carvings in the tract Saimaly-Tash, the Burana Tower, Uzgen mausoleums, etc. – an integral part of world culture , as well as folk epic “Manas”, the 1000 anniversary was celebrated in 1995 to address the UN ECOSOC.

In Kyrgyzstan, 15 professional theaters, including Academic Opera and Ballet Theater in Bishkek , 40 museums, studios, 300 cinemas with a paid display, a thousand public libraries, 700 clubs.

World famous were works of Aitmatov. Musical culture is rooted in creativity akyns, a prominent representative of which is Toktogul Satylganov (1864-1933).

Most of the vocabulary and phraseology of the Kyrgyz epic poetry, which still passes orally from one narrator (manaschy) to another, dates back to ancient times. The most famous of the epic Manas (presumably 16).. There are also “small” epic poem, and now they retell Kyrgyz folk narrators – bard. Usually, a poem read in a singsong voice or sung to the accompaniment of folk instruments. In addition, Kyrgyz folklore includes a complex mythology, legends, proverbs and sayings.

When the Kyrgyz tribes adopted Islam, they began to use the script based on Arabic script. Like other Turkic peoples of Central Asia, they read and write the language Chagatai, who served at that time the language of international communication. Kyrgyz literature did not have a pronounced national color until the last decade’s 19. When Kyrgyzstan was seized movement Jadidism, cultivate more “Western” approach to Islamic education. At this time popped galaxy Kyrgyz poets, which included Moldo Kilic (1866-1917), Kalmurza, Sadiq Karachi, Kasim Tynystan; they had published poems, had a distinct nationalist and political orientation. As for the prose, the first Kyrgyz novel was published only in the mid 1920′s.

In Soviet times, especially after the end of the mass repressions of the 1930′s, when virtually the entire intelligentsia was destroyed, exiled or imprisoned, Kyrgyz literature obey the dictates of Soviet propaganda. From the writers of this time allocated Chingiz Aitmatov (b. 1928), whose works have earned him worldwide fame.

After independence literature of the Soviet period, has undergone a critical re-evaluation, and many previously banned works were published for the first time or republished.

“At the dawn of humanity, God gave the peoples of the earth according to their talent. The fertile valleys, rugged mountains and arid deserts, forests and all that the world could offer, was distributed by God. On the last day of distribution territory , God said Kirghiz, sleeping under a tree, while others have struggled to obtain the best territory. This disinterest has affected God, that he decided to give him the most beautiful and fertile corner of the earth, that he did not do a great deal for existence “. It sounds Kyrgyz legend.

Kyrgyzstan – a nomadic people and they come from Siberia. Subsequently, the Kyrgyz people migrated to the south, and soon settled on the present territory of Kyrgyzstan . It is the people – who breeds cattle, horses, sheep, goats, cows and donkeys for the youngest members of the family that it is in these animals, children were taught to ride. Horse Riding – a part of Kyrgyz culture. Kyrgyz proverb: “If you have extra time to spare, then part of that time dedicate to a horse.”

There are many spectacular equestrian games, which are often shown during the festival. Children learn to ride a horse at an early age. The boys from childhood looking after a herd in the meadows, the girls learn traditional crafts, weave carpets of rare beauty. Shirdaks and Ala kiyiz famous for its carpets of felt, decorated with natural color ornaments.

The symbol of the Kyrgyz yurt life is made of felt, which can be found on the pastures. So far in the big cities, some families built the yurt on the occasion of important holidays, such as birth, wedding or funeral. On the flag of the Republic shows a tent. This underlines the paramount importance of the yurt: the flag of the Republic of red in the center before tunduk – the central part of the roof of the yurt with crossed sixth in the middle of a wooden circle.

Yurt – a portable building with polysyllabic functions, consisting of wooden scaffolding and a lining of felt. All this is supported by a short ribbon and rope made from the wool of animals. The walls and floor of the yurt decorated with carpets. On the night of her strew with straw mattresses, which do not pass the cold and make it warm. In the center is a small stove to cook, and she serves as a heater.

Oven – is an essential attribute, without which the population can not do, it is especially beneficial to those who live in high mountains. On the left side from the entrance of the yurt is a man’s side, where there is everything you need for fishing, hunting, horseback riding. The right side is reserved for women, where the kitchen utensils and all that relates to weaving. Another important component of the culture of Kyrgyzstan and pride – is the 10 th century legend of Manas, his sons and grandsons. Manas was born in the area known as Talas, in the north-west of the country and the people it has developed legends, though the age of 9 he destroyed a winged serpent. The scene of this duel, imprinted in the marble can be seen in Bishkek in front of the Philharmonic.

Epics, stories are longer than the Iliad and the Odyssey were transmitted orally during the last millennium. The first version was written about 100 years ago.

Narrator and singers (Akin) performing the important work of the Kyrgyz people were respected by all and for this they were nicknamed “Manaschi.

Language:

Kyrgyz language belongs to the Kyrgyz-Kypchak (northeast) group of Turkic languages and is closely related to Kazakh. In the Kyrgyzstan distinguish northern and southern group of dialects. One of the main problems is the alphabet. In early 1920 the Soviet government , believing that the Arabic alphabet prevents the spread of literacy, has decided on a gradual transition to the Latin alphabet. This transition was completed in 1926. However, in 1940, at the request of Stalin, without taking into account the views of the population in the administrative procedure was implemented written translations of all the Turkic peoples, including Kyrgyz, from Latin to Cyrillic. In 1992 the Government of Kyrgyzstan decided to return to Latin.

Education:

Today, the literacy rate in Kyrgyzstan has reached almost 100%. In Bishkek, Kyrgyz State University is working. In high schools are taught in Kyrgyz and Russian languages. In a number of primary and secondary schools located in areas where the population is dominated by the Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Tajiks, Huis, Uighurs or the Germans, instruction in their native language, or it is included in school curricula.

In 1954, founded the Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyzstan. It has three branches and approx. 20 research institutions working in the field of geology, mining, glaciology, geography , automation, folklore, and so on. After 1991 the country has opened several new universities, including the Kyrgyz-American, where teaching is in English, and Kyrgyz-Russian with instruction in Russian.

Information tools:

There goes 137 newspapers, including 76 – in the Kyrgyz language. The largest newspapers – The Word of Kyrgyzstan “,” Evening Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Madaniyati “(” Culture of Kyrgyzstan “),” The Republic “, etc.

Most radio and television stations in Kyrgyzstan government. Until recently there was only one private radio station “Almaz” and one private broadcaster. In addition to its broadcasting in Kyrgyzstan accepted the program from Russia , Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan .

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